92479 Perioperative Nursing Assignment Sample

• Subject Code : 92479
• University : University of Technology Sydney My Assignment Services is not sponsored or endorsed by this college or university.
• Subject Name : Nursing

Introduction to Specialty Practice

Introduction to Perioperative Nursing

In the period before and after surgery or intervention procedures, perioperative nurses provide care to patients. Specialized functions include the holding, circulation, anesthetics, an instrument or scrub and rehabilitation area. The peri-operative nursing includes various specific roles. In the context of the nursing process, perioperative nurses offer patient care. The surgical team is complemented by perioperative nurses in the PACU to monitor the status of patients during the rehabilitation period. It provides the methods for analyzing cases, coordinating treatment, operation and measuring medical results to meet the desires of cases in surgery or other intrusive procedures. In perioperative services, sterilization services are an integral part because infection transmission is a potential. The health outcome risk of a patient. Direct links to sterilisation on-site or access to off-site sterilisation services must be available for the operations suite services. It is preferable if these units are located. Collocated to aid with system and instrument transition. Where there are off-site sterilization services. Sterile equipment and trays between facilities shall be supported and transported between facilities.

In order to enable the Perioperative Nursing staff to meet, discuss and provide education to enhance their clinical practice, ACORN WA (formerly Operating Room Nurses Association of Western Australia) was formed. The Australian College of Nursing Settlers (ACORN) has this association. This association (Osborne, 2019). The object of this case study is to understand the role of perioperative nurses in the evaluation and management of patients. Peri-operational nursing is a specialized field in which nurses support patients before, after and after the procedure. The healthcare professionals may be subject to challenging conditions and emotions among employees are always strong. The registered surgical care staff perioperatively provide the surgical care for the patients before, during and following surgery by evaluating, planning , and implementing the care. By observing and helping the team create and maintain a safe and comfortable environment from a broad perspective (Williams et al., 2018). The problems to be resolved include identifying risk factors specific to Mr. Chan 's case and providing rationale for the risk factors identified. The problem should be solved.

Identifying Risks Factors Specific to Mr Chan that May Cause Him to Develop a Respiratory Complication in The Pacu, Providing a Rationale for The Risk Factors Identified

PACU is a critical treatment unit that monitors carefully the essential signs of the patient, starts pain management and gives fluids (Kitney et al., 2018). The nurse is competent to recognize and manage anesthesia problems in patients. When a patient reaches the PACU with the anesthesiologist or nurse, the postoperative period begins. The primary priority of the PACU health care provider is to satisfy the physical and mental needs of the patient, limiting postoperative problems to a minimum. Risks that can cause Mr Chan 's specific respiratory complication to develop in PACU include general anesthesia and impaired pulmonar function mechanical ventilation, even in ordinary people, and lead to reduced oxygenation after anesthesia. They often reduce the usable residual potential of the pre-anesthesia by up to 50 percent. The interaction between anesthetic risk ( i.e., the primary factor affecting the levels of perioperative service). Patient's physical status) and surgical complexity. Operating patientsand/or patients general or local anaesthesia and/or major regional anaesthesia/ analgesia or sedation are needed in procedures. For large-scale surgical complexity procedures (including conscious sedation).

Pulmonary atelectasis has been found to be normal in anesthetized individuals, as this happens in 85% to 90% of healthy adults. In fact, there is significant proof that atelectasis is a key cause for post-operative hypoxemic cases in most patients in post-anesthesia unit (PACU) in tandem with alveolar hypoventilation and ventilation-perfusion mismatches. Many of the concomitant factors, including the form and anatomical location of action, lung dynamics, hemodynamic and restorative effects of anesthetic drugs , particularly residual blockade of neuromuscular tissue should also be taken into consideration. While paired with extensive postoperative care, the usage of anesthetic and analgesic procedures strongly affects the PACU pulmonary outcomes (Kitney et al., 2018). The current review highlights the main pathophysiological mechanisms and treatment strategies for critical air events in the PACU in order to provide health workers with the necessary knowledge to prevent such potentially harmful results. Respiratory problems are as common as following cardiac operation in and after PACU. The incidence of the respiratory events was very similar to those of the cardiac complications (2,7 percent versus 2,5 percentiles) (Platt et al., 2019).

However, they differ in the fact that surgery-and anesthesia-related factors are more predictive than patient-related factors of respiratory complications. Fatigue and lightheadedness may include possible symptoms or side effects after HBOT (Irene et al., 2017). The risk factors include asthma, fluid build-up, middle ear collapse, sinus injury, vision shifts, nearsightedness or oxygen exposure which can result in lung loss, lung leakage or convulsions, etc. The following are called risk factors. The rationale for the identified risk factors is the necessity to identify complications and risks in the immediate postoperative period that patients develop (Theis et al., 2019). The hypoxaemia incidence in care units for post-anesthesia (PACUs) is a source of oxygen routine. Pre-operative patient evaluation and education are part and parcel of peri-operative healthcare (Irene et al., 2017).

The vision of Australian College of Perioperative Nurses is to provide the world's safest and highest quality peri-operative treatment for Australian patients. Practice standards define us as a peri-operative nursing community that provides excellent care. The preoperative patient evaluation and nurse training is properly educated and demonstrates the use of knowledge on the basis of scientific, nursing and current Australian and ACORN standards. ACORN Perioperative Nursing Standards in Australia are the special knowledge of Australian perioperative nursing and are the accepted standard of professional perioperative nursing. Certain standards are reviewed and updated on a regular basis (Hubbard, 2017). Under the guidance of the Board of ACORN and the leadership of the National Leadership Group and the Chief Executif Officer of ACORN, the AC Office's Standards Manager manages ACOrN standards.

Managing Mr Chan’s Pain and Providing a Rationale for Management Plan. Including a Discussion of The Nociceptive Pain Pathway in Management Rationale

After surgery the postoperative pain continues to be one of the most important concerns for patients. In postoperative pain evaluation and treatment, nurses play an important role especially within the first few days after surgery (Hubbard, 2017). Overall application of healthcare methods to relieve discomfort involves medical care, rehabilitation, guided images, calming and music, as well as opioid agents. A significant but undervalued aspect of perioperative treatment is postoperative pain management. Pain has to be correctly and efficiently measured for effective care and control, and that presents problems in the case of PACU patients (Gore et al., 2017). Whilst it is usually more practical to evaluate pain intensity and record time for the first treatment, the level of analgesics, effects and side-effects of treatment, modulation of analgesia according to the patient responses and their satisfaction, while the clear descriptions of pain should include its position, onset, character, exacerbating or soothing factors, etc (Smith et al., 2019). The psychological factors influence pain perception; therefore mental status, in particular of those with psychiatric disorders history, should be taken into account. Anxiety, paranoia, neuroticism, etc. will be defined to promote a pain evaluation (Gillespie, 2018).

In accordance with the ACORN Accountable Items Management Standard for surgery / perioperative procedure the observation and self-report scales are applied for the evaluation of pain. While pain has been primarily perceived as subjective, self-reporting assessments continue to be the standard for patients' awareness, accuracy and verbal expression, which include a Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Numeric Rating (NRS), a Verbal Rating (VRS) and Wong–Baker Pain Scale. Due to the unfulfilled recuperation from anesthesia or from sedation (for example, sedation, critical illness, cognitive impaired or difficulties of communication), the results of subjective methods may be interfered with the temporary condition (Gillespie, 2018). There is therefore a useful objective pain and analgesic assessment in the PACU. The observatory-based assessment (for example, the behavioral pain scale) will be used for objective pain assessment (Gore et al., 2017). Apart from patient participation, new potential target assessments will cover parameters derived from PPG (evaluation of the heart and vascular response sympathetic), analgesia nociception index (ANI, parasympathetic heart response assessment), skin conductance (SC, vascular response) and pupillometry (based on the pupilary assessment).

PPG is a sensitive indicator that reflects changes in blood volume and is related to systemic resistance to vascular disease. PPG allows hemodynamic variables that reflect the pain response of the autonomic nervous system to be detected quickly. PPG will probably be used as a proxy for pain assessment with derived parameters such an OPI (OPI), AC / DC / DC / RC / RA, PHW intensity, autonomic NSS (Autonomic Nervous System State) and ANSS index (Ansi) (Gillespie et al., 2019). APS will be used as a proxy reference. Pain pathways would then lead to two major termination sites at the thalamic level: medial and centrocaudal. The ventrocaudal thalamus is directly adversely affected by spinal neuron projection. Neurons protrude directly into the somatosensory cortex in the ventrocaudal thalamus. Afferent harmful fibers (those who send information to the brain, not the brain) return to the spinal cord, where synapses are formed in the dorsal horn. This harmful fiber (located at the periphery) is a neuron in the first order that helps Mr Chan to manage his pain. Preventing suffering should be taken into account by a patient (Gillespie et al., 2019). The overall volume of analgesic required can be reduced by early intervention. Non-pharmacological techniques are imaging, distraction, relaxing, biofeedback, breathing exercises and music therapy.

Conclusion on Perioperative Nursing

It is concluded that Mr Chan 's condition could be related to many risk factors that could contribute to a respiratory problem in the PAC. The current review highlights the main pathophysiological mechanisms and treatment strategies for critical air events in the PACU in order to provide health workers with the necessary knowledge to prevent such potentially harmful results. Respiratory problems are as common as following cardiac operation in and after PACU. Mr Chan has an insitue of the Hudson mask with 8L 02 intense pain treatment. The noxios stimuli pass to the central nervous system ( CNS) through either peripheral or cranial nerves. The removal and other similar therapies of diseased tissues will reduce or eliminate adverse pain. Pressure management medications alleviate discomfort before the trauma reacts to medication or recovers. Dynorphins and enkephalins can work within the spinal cord to reduce dorsal horn pain signals. This is because opioid receptors are present in the membrane of the pre-synaptic ends of the second order neurons. Moreover, opioid receptors are present on the post-synaptic end of the new order neurons. Pain can be relieved by the elimination or monitoring of the cause by the perioperative nurses. As necessary and appropriate, provide analgesics. Including determining the nature and effects of the pain on the patient; evaluating, managing and evaluating pain management efficiency.

References for Perioperative Nursing

Gillespie, B. M., Chaboyer, W., & Wallis, M. (2019). The influence of personal characteristics on the resilience of operating room nurses: A predictor study. International journal of nursing studies, 46(7), 968-976.

Gillespie, B. M. (2018). ACORN: Promoting an evidence-based culture through recognition of the contribution of research to perioperative practice. ACORN: The Journal of Perioperative Nursing in Australia, 27(3), 4.

Gore, A., & Osborne, S. (2017). New ACORN Guideline: Perioperative nursing management of posthumous organ procurement. ACORN: the journal of perioperative nursing in Australia, 30(1), 56.

Hubbard, K. (2017). Perianesthesia Nursing Education: Prevention and Management of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting. Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing, 32(4), e30-e31.

Irene Vikman PhD, R. P. T., Britt-Marie Wälivaara PhD, R. N., & Engström, Å. (2017). Patients' perceptions of quality of care during the perioperative procedure. ACORN, 30(3), 13-22.

Kitney, P., Bramley, D., Tam, R., & Simons, K. (2018). Perioperative handover using ISBAR at two sites: A quality improvement project. Journal of Perioperative Nursing, 31(4), 17.

Osborne, S. (2019). Influences on compliance with standard precautions among operating room nurses. American journal of infection control, 31(7), 415-423.

Platt, M. S., Coventry, T., & Monterosso, L. (2019). Perioperative nurses' perceptions of cross-training: A qualitative descriptive study. Journal of Perioperative Nursing, 32(1), 19.

Smith Dr, Z., Woods Dr, C., Usher Prof, K., & Lea, J. (2019). Australian perioperative nurses’ attitudes, levels of knowledge, education and support needs related to organ donation and procurement surgery: A national survey. Journal of Perioperative Nursing, 32(2), 2.

Sutherland-Fraser, S., & Davies, M. (2018). The ACORN practice audit tools project: Using standards to drive improvement in perioperative practice. Journal of Perioperative Nursing, 31(2), 37.

Smith, Z., Woods, C., Lea, J., & Usher, K. (2019). Australian perioperative nurses' attitudes, levels of knowledge, education and support needs related to organ donation and procurement surgery: A national survey. Journal of Perioperative Nursing, 32(2), 7.

Theis, E., Briggs, M., Lilja, G., Preusser, S., & Zupfer, E. (2019). Providing Comprehensive Care to Patients with Epidermolysis Bullosa in the Perioperative Environment. Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing, 34(4), e18-e19.

Williams, C., Duff, J., Nicholson, P., Hamlin, L., & Gillespie, B. M. (2018). Using the ACORN Standards: An exploration of claims, concerns and issues. Journal of Perioperative Nursing, 31(4), 37.

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