AGR3MCA Ocean Acidification and Marine Aquaculture Assignment Sample

• Subject Code : AGR3MCA
• University : La Trobe University My Assignment Services is not sponsored or endorsed by this college or university.
• Subject Name : Management

Applied Mollusc and Crustacean Aquaculture

Introduction to Ocean Acidification and Marine Aquaculture

After Arthropoda, Mollusca is the second-largest invertebrate phylum. They are called molluscs and molluscs. Roughly 85,000 mollusc species are described. About 60,000 and 100,000 additional species the number of fossil species is estimated. There is a high percentage of unidentified animals. There are still plenty of taxa under study. The largest marine phylum is molluscs which constitutes about 23% of all marine species. In freshwater and on land, many molluscs exist as well. Their scale and anatomical structure, and their behaviour, as well as their habitat are extremely diverse. The phylum is normally classified into eight or nine taxonomic groups, two being completely extinct. Cephalopod molluscs, such as calamars, squid seedlings and octopuses, rank among the largest recognised species of invertebrates neurologically advanced, including the giant squid or the gigantic squida.

Materials and Methods

In research, statistics analysis is commonly used. In addition to evaluating theories, statistics may provide an estimate of an uncertainty which is difficult to quantify or unlikely. For instance, the topic of quantum field theory has been challenging for scientific experimentation and calculation while giving progress in the theoretical aspects of things. Certain social sciences, such as the study of consciousness or choice, remain virtually unmeasured; statistical research may highlight what is the most possible or the least likely situation.

For anatomical modern humans, molluscs were and still are an important food supply. There is a chance of food toxicity in many molluscs except under certain circumstances and, as a result, many countries have laws to mitigate this chance. Molluscs have been a supplier of valuable luxury items for millennia, including pearls, pearl mother, purple tyranny, and maritime silk. In some pre-industrial cultures, their shells were often employed as currency. Species of molluscs can also be toxic or detrimental to human activity. The dent of the blue-ringed pull is always lethal, and the inflammation of Octopus Apollyon can last for over a month. Some species of large tropical cone shells can also kill, but venoms have become valuable tools in neurological science, even though they are sophisticated, but are easily created. Schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia, bilharziasis, or snail fever) is spread to humans by water snail hosts, and affects around 200 million people. Snails and slugs may also be significant agricultural pests, and accidental or intentional introduction of certain snail populations into new habitats have severely harmed certain ecosystems (Pieri et al. 2018).

Data visualization means raw data are illustrated by graphic representations that enable audiences — market analysts and managers — to analyse the data and to discover a profound insight. This graphic format makes fast and efficient decisions possible as information through graphics is far easier for people to interpret than raw reports. We can more quickly obtain information by visualizing it. Visualization lets policy makers relay a narrative in a corporate sense, enabling them to respond quicker than if the data is viewed as records. Widgets encourage decision-makers to engage with the data and identify the questions they can pose for more insight. Huge volumes of complex data can give multiple perspectives when we imagine them. Visualization enables users to identify and offer greater importance to relationships between records. Exploring these trends lets consumers reflect on particular areas that need focus in their results, so that they can understand the value of these areas to support their business (Clements and Chopin 2017).

Discussion on Ocean Acidification and Marine Aquaculture

Morphometry is a quantification of anatomy in geomorphological sciences. Watershed morphometry metrics will perceive a river basin's shape and hydrological characteristics. The best way to understand the relation between different facets of the region is morphometric watershed analysis. It is a quantitative assessment of various watersheds under various neomorphs and topographies. Watershed is a natural hydrological entity that runs from a surface to a given drain, canal, stream or river at a specific point in time. There are many classifications, but not any. Several papers suggest that a resulting value of a parameter is high or low and demonstrates a condition; however, it does not include a number of values. Worse still, there are no mentions in any journals that a certain morphometric parameter includes the high or low value. Evaluating each morphometric parameter value is very complicated (Inoue et al. 2013).

The Mytilus genus of marine mussels is named the duplication of DUI (Doubly Uniparental Inheritance), an uncommon mitotane DNA transmission (mtDNA) mode. Female's rodent is homoplastic to the maternally inherited mitotype, while men are typically heteroblastic and comprise the motherly mitotype F combination with the paternally inherited M genome. There have been two types of M genomes: "normal" M genomes and "recently masculinized" M. The above are more sequence-like F genomes, but paternally distributed like normal M genomes. The maximum sequences of two male standards M are recorded for this analysis (Garza-Gil et al. 2016). A freshly masculinized adult M and edulis. mitochondrial trisulas gene. A comparative study of the previous M. A. F and M. Edulis. trisulas F and M mtDNA demonstrate that genomes are the same in genetic order, but strongly divergent in the sequence of nucleotides and amino acids.

The Bay de Plaisance in the Ailed area of Madeleine was collected by the "La module du large" mussel farm at the beginning of June 2013, in order to collect blue muscles (> 90 percent Mytilus edulis, and < 10 percent Mytilus trisulas and hybrid). Since muscles from this area are known to spawn at that time, each mouth is at somewhat different stages of its spawning, but the population will not be seen to have spawned entirely or to have reached an atresia stage. 28 days later, Mussels were slaughtered and the mantle were dissected on ice in an air-cooked tank filled with artificial seawater. During the acclimation phase, spawning was not observed (Kerambrun et al. 2018).

The data reveals individual variations of mitochondrial evolution — variations that tend to be separate from the nuclear or tissue history. Our findings show that the M genome is functional and under selective restriction, while there is a higher evolutionary rate probably relaxed and positive selection. Selective restrictions on the M genome could be appropriate, as previously suggested, to satisfy sperm's unique needs. The skewed distribution of MtDNA in heteroblastic males can result in quality or quantity differences in the function of the respiratory chain between male gonad and somatic tissues. But also, essential molecular and cellular mechanisms which underlie a phenomenon of twice the same heritage should be cytonuclear-interactions, interaction among various F and M MtDNA and/or difference in their replicating ability (Mangi et al. 2018).

Conclusion on Ocean Acidification and Marine Aquaculture

The relationship between the length and density of the mussels was opposite. This may be due to a room shortage as the mouths get larger. For the larger mussels that fit into the field, the mouse must either disperse or certain die off. In winter at Waitangi Point, there was a considerably lower density of muscles. This is most likely to be an insufficient sample anomaly because of the patchy nature of the muscles rather than a true density difference, since the muscles were identical in size over four years. If the density of the mussels had fallen due to death in the winter so small mussels would have been increased in the spring to offset the dyed mussels. 

The reefs and reef densities, size structures, condition, morphometric and mussels’ productivities were first discussed in the definition of the remaining soft-sediment mustard reefs. In contrast to bare soft sediments replacing the mussels, density, biomass, abundance and prosperity of species and composition of the related small and mobile invertebrates and fish were determined. On average four times the average density and seven times the biomass, six times the productivity, and a higher species wealth than bare sediment zones were the small and mobile in vertebral mount synonymous with mustard riffs. In contrast with the bare neighboring habitats, the mouse reef had a dramatically different mobile invertebrates’ assembly.

Sources for Ocean Acidification and Marine Aquaculture

Babaei, M.M., Sahafi, H.H., Ardalan, A.A., Ghaffari, H. and Abdollahi, R. 2010. Morphometric relationship of weight and size of clam Amiantis umbonella L., 1818 (Bivalvia: Veneridae) in the eastern coasts of Bandar Abbas, Persian Gulf. Advances in Environmental Biology, pp.376-383.

Clements, J.C. and Chopin, T. 2017. Ocean acidification and marine aquaculture in North America: potential impacts and mitigation strategies. Reviews in Aquaculture, 9(4), pp.326-341.

Cooley, S.R., Kite-Powell, H.L. and Doney, S.C. 2009. Ocean acidification's potential to alter global marine ecosystem services. Oceanography, 22(4), pp.172-181.

Garza-Gil, M.D., Vázquez-Rodríguez, M.X. and Varela-Lafuente, M.M. 2016. Marine aquaculture and environment quality as perceived by Spanish consumers. The case of shellfish demand. Marine Policy, 74, pp.1-5.

Inoue, K., Hayes, D.M., Harris, J.L. and Christian, A.D. 2013. Phylogenetic and morphometric analyses reveal ecophenotypic plasticity in freshwater mussels O bovaria jacksoniana and V illosa arkansasensis (B ivalvia: U nionidae). Ecology and Evolution, 3(8), pp.2670-2683.

Kerambrun, E., Delahaut, L., Geffard, A. and David, E. 2018. Differentiation of sympatric zebra and quagga mussels in ecotoxicological studies: A comparison of morphometric data, gene expression, and body metal concentrations. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 154, pp.321-328.

Lee, J. 2016. Valuation of Ocean Acidification Effects on Shellfish Fisheries and Aquaculture.

Lembo, G. and Mente, E. 2019. Organic Aquaculture. Springer International Publishing.

Mangi, S.C., Lee, J., Pinnegar, J.K., Law, R.J., Tyllianakis, E. and Birchenough, S.N. 2018. The economic impacts of ocean acidification on shellfish fisheries and aquaculture in the United Kingdom. Environmental Science & Policy, 86, pp.95-105.

Pieri, A.M., Inoue, K., Johnson, N.A., Smith, C.H., Harris, J.L., Robertson, C. and Randklev, C.R. 2018. Molecular and morphometric analyses reveal cryptic diversity within freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae) of the western Gulf coastal drainages of the USA. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 124(2), pp.261-277.

Randklev, C.R., Wolverton, S., Johnson, N.A., Smith, C.H., DuBose, T.P., Robertson, C.R. and Conley, J. 2020. The utility of zooarchaeological data to guide listing efforts for an imperiled mussel species (Bivalvia: Unionidae: Pleurobema riddellii). Conservation Science and Practice, 2(9), p.e253.

Swezey, D.S., Boles, S.E., Aquilino, K.M., Stott, H.K., Bush, D., Whitehead, A., Rogers-Bennett, L., Hill, T.M. and Sanford, E. 2020. Evolved differences in energy metabolism and growth dictate the impacts of ocean acidification on abalone aquaculture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(42), pp.26513-26519.

Telesca, L., Michalek, K., Sanders, T., Peck, L.S., Thyrring, J. and Harper, E.M. 2018. Blue mussel shell shape plasticity and natural environments: a quantitative approach. Scientific Reports, 8(1), p.2865.

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