Poor Clinical Facilities Assignment Sample

Subject Name : Nursing

Poor Clinical Facilities in Rural Areas of India

Introduction

In rural areas, a range of factors contribute to these issues, including a aging population , economic inequality, physician and other healthcare practitioners shortages, a disproportionate number of elderly , disabled and underinsured people, and high levels of chronic disease. Nearly 16% sub-centres and 25. Human Resource like Rural areas suffer the brunt of healthcare staff shortages (Sharma et al., 2011). The identified clinical problem is poor provision of healthcare infrastructure in India's rural areas. It is a problem, as the biggest problems facing today's public hospitals are inadequate facilities. Rural India suffers from shortages of services for public health, with basic facilities such as daily water and electricity supply.

Iyengar, S., & Dholakia, R. H. (2012). Access of the rural poor to primary healthcare in India. Review of Market Integration, 4(1), 71-109. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/097492921200400103

The article has used prototype for quantitative study. The present paper attempts to measure the extent to which the poorer section receives primary healthcare services (Iyengar et al., 2012). It has used the information gathered from the sample survey of poor households conducted in India's six states to provide evidence of the degree to which primary health care services reach them. In the next part, it addresses the methods used for household survey collection of the sample. Section three addresses the results of the poor households' primary study, which covers their socio-economic profile, availability of primary health care services among the elderly, and the status of their morbidity and use of public and private health facilities. The fourth section, along with the household survey, provides the observations from the survey of public health facilities conducted in selected states. It includes some of the qualitative dimensions of the rural public health systems. The section Fifth and final provides closing comments.

The strength of the paper is that it has undertaken a straightforward test of the fundamental assumption of the Planning Commission that development in social sectors in this country had bypassed poorer parts and hence was not inclusive (Iyengar et al., 2012). As per the Planning Commission, the weaker section had no effective access to basic services, such as primary education and primary healthcare. The findings of the study of health facilities show a need to significantly scale up programs in terms of both volume and efficiency. There is an urgent requirement that the infrastructure be improved and that proper manpower be put in place so that the public health system is first of all equipped optimally.

The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) has been an important step in this direction, providing for improvements in the health infrastructure and manpower. As a mid-term assessment of the NRHM and its success, a recent review of health facilities in selected northern states was undertaken (Iyengar et al., 2012).. Although the survey results show some basic infrastructural improvements in public health facilities with NRHM, there is still less than satisfactory utilization of these health facilities by the poor. Another study on the NRHM 's performance until the end of 2008 suggests that the program could not have a significant impact on public health system functioning and therefore on health indicators (Iyengar et al., 2012).. Improving access to healthcare services by the poor requires both quantitative and qualitative efforts. Institutional measures such as increased capacity and initiatives such as cash rewards to utilize public health programs will only improve the usage of public health facilities briefly.

Sreenu, N. (2019). Healthcare infrastructure development in rural India: a critical analysis of its status and future challenges. British Journal of Healthcare Management, 25(12), 1-9. Retrieved from https://www.magonlinelibrary.com/doi/abs/10.12968/bjhc.2018.0072

The article has used quantitative study design. The literature review identified several issues relating to service delivery in rural healthcare infrastructure in India. First, over the last decade, the usage of private healthcare providers has grown dramatically, particularly among rural poor (Kaveri, 2009). From 2000 to 2014, the potential of rural health care centers in terms of beds increased from about 36 000 to 38 000, while beds in private hospitals increased from 49 000 to 67 500 (Sreenu, 2019). The above reflects an improvement in private hospital bed facilities of nearly 40 per cent over a span of 10 years. The strength of this article is that it has focused on ability and competency of the workforce, information and data systems , and organizational capacity.

In the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, new healthcare technology should help healthcare infrastructure at government hospitals is an important goal. As a result, these two states have introduced a series of infrastructure improvements. In fact, significant developments in Indian people's health status need an holistic approach to solving numerous social problems, such as deprivation, education, analphabetism and ill health (Sreenu, 2019). Singh (2009) clarified the gap in the provision of medical services in healthcare centers and healthcare expenditures in India between the public and private partnership model.

The drawback in this study paper is that it has not clarified whether people utilize public and private health care services, so the quality of service is unknown in these hospitals. This analysis review collected knowledge from main and secondary sources (National Organisation for Questionnaire Surveys, 2015). Providers, patients and non-governmental organizations involved in selected rural healthcare centers in India collected primary data. To date, India has 272 health-care centres. 450 data samples from the initial set of 6000 were obtained using random sampling. The overall sample size (patients and staff) was 450. Health care staff come from a range of positions from police personnel, factory assistants and certified social welfare campaigners (village-based healthcare workers).

This research used data from 6726 hospital patients admitted to manage diarrhoeal diseases, respiratory disease, pneumonia, urological diseases and gynecological disorders. The research adopted the process of random sampling, a type of sampling by clusters. This method is generally adopted when the collection of data from all the sample elements in all selected clusters is considered unfeasible (Sreenu, 2019). The findings showed that over 58 per cent of patients in India used private health care facilities. It is clear that the private sector plays an significant part in supplying health-care facilities for the diseases listed in this report.

Khan, P. K., Banerjee, K., & Nandi, S. (2019). Primary Healthcare Infrastructure and Reproductive Healthcare in Rural India: A District Level Analysis. In The Demographic and Development Divide in India (pp. 417-466). Springer, Singapore. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-13-5820-3_8

The paper used quantitative research design based on the State of Health Services in Primary Health Centers (PHCs) and Identified Reproductive Health Care Use Metrics in Rural India Districts Expenditure in Public Health Centers is the foundation of health policy in developing countries (Khan et al., 2019). Numerous studies have recommended, after Alma-Ata, the need to strengthen primary healthcare in order to improve the use of healthcare. While the total usage of health insurance has increased, the utilization of health coverage in public health centers in many countries has decreased.

This study looked at the status of health facilities in primary health centers (PHC) and its effect on rural India's usage of reproductive health services. Reproductive use of clinical services is assessed at public health facilities through centralized distribution and antenatal check-up. Person level data from the newly completed National Family Health Survey-4, 2015–2016 are used to collect district assessments of hospital and antenatal treatment provision (Khan et al., 2019). The study has analyzed that PHC's infrastructural facilities are derived from the 2012–2013 District Level Household Survey-4 Facility Survey. The analyzes use descriptive statistics, ordinary minus square regression and a set of composite indices.

Results suggest that in India only one out of five PHCs complied with the Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS) human resource health and population cover standards. All tested PHCs conformed to IPHS requirements in just 2.2 per cent of districts in India. None of the analyzed PHCs in nearly half of the districts within the Activated Action Community (EAG) states complied with IPHS requirements. In rural India, the PHCs account for 8.5 percent of deliveries and 11.3 percent of rural women 's three and more antenatal checks. A significant variability has been noted in terms of both state and district use and services.

The strength of the paper is that it finds strong and substantial relation in the Indian districts between services at PHCs and the usage of antenatal treatment and institutional provision. Districts with weak health services have been concentrated primarily in India's Empowered Action Community (EAG) and Northeastern states. In such nations, the majority of PHCs is lacking in human health resources, communication, efficiency, and physical infrastructure. In infrastructural parameters there was considerable heterogeneity, even within PHCs (Khan et al., 2019). Appropriate resource allocation based on detailed and critical empirical research is imperative for the differential effect of the various health infrastructure indicators on the use variables.

Sharma, J. K., & Narang, R. (2011). Quality of healthcare services in rural India: the user perspective. Vikalpa, 36(1), 51-60. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0256090920110104

A qualitative study was conducted, consisting of six focus group discussions and 12 in-depth interviews. The findings illustrated some interesting differences in user perception regarding the quality of infrastructure service and how they varied among different healthcare centers and according to patient demographic status (Sharma et al., 2011). It was observed that the perception among men was significantly impacted by 'healthcare delivery' and 'financial and physical access to care,' while it was 'healthcare delivery' and 'health personnel conduct and drug availability' among women.

The respondents' expectations also increased with improved revenue and education. This was not just the financial and physical access that was essential, but also the distribution process, the quality of specific services and the behavioral and medical dimension of treatment that appealed to those with improved economic earnings. The scope of this study has been to show that the average standard of healthcare facilities in primary healthcare centers is considered to be better than in community healthcare centers (CHCs). The important drawbacks reported at CHCs were inadequate availability of doctors and medical equipment , poor clinical examination and poor quality of drugs.

The current research indicates that the tool used was accurate and had the potential to distinguish variations in people's perception based on social influences and to find out the disparities in consistency between various healthcare centres (Sharma et al., 2011). The article's drawback is that it may not be used to evaluate the understanding of standard of healthcare in many rural and metropolitan areas of the world, and to measure consumer opinion of private healthcare centres.

Furthermore, research could be carried out on the relation between price and quality. The government and policy makers are urged to consider patient perceptions as well in order to affect the quality of services improvement and subsequently increase their utilization. The most common quality assurance method was SERVQUAL, created by Parasuraman , Zeithaml and Berry, (1985) and used in numerous industries including manufacturing, corporate, non-commercial, and service settings. The study was conducted in the Gonda, Pratapgarh, Sitapur, Hardoi, Varanasi, Gorakhpur, and Bareilly district rural areas in the state of Uttar Pradesh. In each of these districts, one Community Health Center (CHC) and two Primary Health Centers (PHCs) were chosen at random.

The technique of factor analysis was used to examine the relationship structure between variables representing the perceived quality dimensions of healthcare ser- vices in India. The Kaiser-Meyer - Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy and the Bartlett's sphericity test were performed before the factor analysis was run (Sharma et al., 2011). KMO 's generated score was 0.92 and Bartlett's highly significant sphericity test supported the appropriateness of using factor analysis to explore the underlying structure of perceived quality of health care services.

Conclusion

The four papers reviewed for this evaluation looked at inadequate quality of health care services in India's rural areas. Bringing the four papers together suggested that increasing access for the vulnerable to healthcare facilities requires both quantitative and qualitative efforts. Institutional measures such as increased capacity and initiatives such as cash rewards to utilize public health programs will only improve the usage of public health facilities briefly. The findings revealed some important variations in customer experience in terms of the quality of infrastructure facilities and how they vary between different healthcare centers and based on patients' demographics.

The research showed that there is a positive and significant association between PHC infrastructure and the use of antenatal care and institutional delivery in Indian districts. In rural areas, a variety of elements contribute to these problems, including a declining population , economic stagnation, physician and other healthcare professionals shortages, a disproportionate number of elderly, poor and underinsured residents, and high rates of chronic disease. Help for contractual participation in public health facilities, the opportunities for medical workers and other personnel to work in remote and rural areas, the capacity creation of employees, etc. is given under the national health mission to States and UTs.

References

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