Procurement Policy Assignment Sample

• Subject Name : Arts and Humanities

Northern Territory Government of Australia Procurement Policy

Introduction to Procurement Policy

This literature review deals with utilising procurement policy which incorporates open innovation in Australia. The procurement policy provides government rules for purchasing services and goods in the Northern Territory Government. It also gives guidelines for the procurement actions in the Northern Territory (NT) Government. This policy provides a procurement framework (Denny-Smith &Loosemore, 2017). This framework includes the principles, lifecycle of procurement, terminology and procurement governance model which rules and leads Northern Territory Government procurement actions. The Procurement Guidelinessummaries the compulsorynecessities, exemptions, exceptions and procedure choices for all the Northern Territory Government (NTG) activities and their staffs when undertaking procurement activities(Cutcher, Ormiston& Gardner, 2019).Additionally, the guideline which is given by the Minister who has the duty of procurement provides further direction to be witnessed by agencies. Also, the circulars of procurement are distributed from time to time by the agencies which areaccountable for procurement policy, which givessuggestions to be observed by agencies.

The policy should be regarded as combination with the procurement guidelines and present procurement circulars to guarantee activities are compliant in the behaviour of their procurement actions. A complexsummary of the Northern Territory Government Procurement Framework shows the relation among the procurement legislature, directions and direction constituents (Hoekman, 2018). The legislature and directions start the compulsorynecessitieswhich all the agencies should follow while going through procurement. Direction documentations are those which include tools, lifecycleguides and templates. This givesextraknowledge to agencies on suggestedmethodswhich may be acceptedwhile going through procurement (Loosemore& Reid, 2019). There are five procurement principles which should be applied oneach procurement action, regardless of risk and value. These principles includes: principle 1: Value for Territory, principle 2: Ethical Behaviour and Fair Dealing, principle 3: Open and Effective Competition, principle 4: Enhancing the Capabilities of Territory Enterprises and Industries, principle 5: Environmental Protection (Barrett, 2016).

Literature Review of Procurement Policy

According to Lee et al. (2012) this study is very relevant because the reason for this study is to investigate the present open innovation policies in the public sector of chiefnations. A framework is utilised which is based on the government role in open innovation. This study examines a profile of initial open innovation adopters which is based on gathered data from secondary sources. There are various findings from this study. Initially Australia, Singapore and USA establishedan open innovation strategy at the national level, enabling a positive innovative climate. There are numerous projects which are in online platforms are launched in these policies. Secondly, though the outside-in open innovation policies are popular there are many trials which exploit the worth of government information through inside-out methods.

The limitations of this approach are that many of the governments are in the initial phases of adoption of open innovation and are in the procedure of understanding applicable problems. The future researchers should examine how governments accept open innovation, in specific inside-out practices. There is a need that government should create a primary strategic plan, which should assist the staffs to identify that novel modification is reliable with the requirements of their office policies. Some companies and assignments are controlled by citizens who assist the government to involve in external thoughts in resolving problems that are away from its control. This study is one of the first efforts to inspect the present open innovation strategies at the government level (Lee, Hwang & Choi 2012)

Mergel&Desouza (2013) stated that Barack Obama has focussed on novel forms of association with stakeholders to upsurge the innovativeness of public service delivery. This is an Open Government Initiative. Federal leaders are using a novel policy toolwhich is known as Challenge.gov to implement open innovation concepts which arecreated in the private sector to source resolutions from formerly unused issue solvers and to influence collective intellect to handle complicated technical and social public management difficulties. The writer of this paper highlights the work leaded by the Innovative Technologies and Office of Citizen Services at the General Services Administration which is the administrator of the Challenge.gov framework. Specially, this Administrative Profile shoes the work of Tammi Marcoullier who is a program manager for Challenge.gov, and Karen Trebon who is the deputy program manager. They have roles to play as the change agents who facilitatecooperativepoliciesamongst public agencies and policy makers as they move the legal and political surroundings of the agencies. The profile deliversvisions into the applicationprocedure of crowdsourcing resolutions for public management difficulties, as well as lessons learned for planning open innovation procedures in the public sector (Mergel&Desouza, 2013).

Zhang et al. (2017) states that as a practice of resource allocation and location, oppositesales are one of the greatestsignificantactions in supply chains. There are 4 majorsale mechanisms in the theory of sales, descending-bid auctions, ascending-bid auctions, second-price and sealed-bid auctions and first-price and sealed-bid auctions. Newly, procurement request auctions have been extensively examined in the aspects of requestplan, behaviour and psychology, auction mechanism with dissimilar features, conspiracy and its recognitiontechnique, and the risk management. Though, examinations addressed the concern of which is the improved reverse auction mechanism in cost-reduction performance which are rarely documented. In this paper, simulations are carried out to study the combinedprocedure of a lively online reverse auction and animmobile sealed-bid reverse auction utilising timed colored Petri nets which are based on the supportof workflow and event management in Petri net theory.

In the Petri net models, colored tokens present purchasers who are linked with data promptly, and changeover nodes are in custody of performing bidding procedure rules when they are allowed. Additionally, there are three programming approacheswhich includes auctioneer’s winner set decision-making and bidder’s bid methods which are fixed in the bidding procedure rules. Then, a ranked Petri net model is used for comparingstatic sealed-bid reverse auction and cost-down range performance of dynamic online reverse auction. By forming a comparison rule via transition node, a reverse auction mechanism with better cost-down performance can be exposedwhich is based on the convergent simulation outcomes (Zhang, Li, Huang & Tang, 2017).

As per Zoellner& Lovell(2017) the main aim of up surging the rate of employment for the local indigenous population of Australia is not a particular component of proposal for the development of the northern Australia but it also assists in aligning with the national policy agenda. This research paper helps in the original research about the employment policies linked with a small collection of self-selected local administration organizations which delivers and maintains a higher range of facilities through the north. Utilising a combination of measurable and subjective approaches, the significance of local government as a main company is re-affirmed over the requirement of the enablers of and obstacles to the employment of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders who are living in thatregion. The ability of the council to produce income which can be utilised to generatejobs was a recurrent theme to appear from the study. Neighbourhood governments' capacity to raise their own assets through land rates is seriously obliged in most remote zones and many are vigorously reliant upon the receipt of awards from the other two levels of government. These monies are much of the time tied and are utilized to finance the arrangement of explicit administrations in the interest of other government’s offices. Though, with the help of research findings the various remote neighbourhood governments are progressively going to use more market-driven practices so as to move away from award dependence and to expand nearby assurance of the work that will be advertised (Zoellner& Lovell 2017).

According to Barraket (2019) social acquisition is getting recharged consideration in new open administration systems that try to expand social incentive by animating markets for social undertakings and other social advantage suppliers. Delegates have generally assumed significant jobs in social acquisition. However little has been done to arrange these jobs. In this paper, the capacities and impacts of a delegate on purchaser and provider policies in social acquisition are inspected. In the view of a two-year assessment of a social acquirement advertise advancement program in Australia, the paper distinguishes the moving elements for purchasers and the providers, and the ramifications of these for understanding social development in rising between authoritative fields (Barraket, 2019).

Chatfield & Reddick, (2018) explained that the open government data policy is a bit different from the existing Freedom of Information policies. So, open government data policy can be observed as a policy innovation. Illustrating on both development ofinnovation diffusion philosophy and its application to open strategy advancement inquire about Australia's OGD approach dissemination designs at both the bureaucratic and state government levels dependent on the policy adopting time and CKAN entrance "Association" and "Classification" insights. The authors found that state governments that had received OGD approaches before had dynamic strategy business people answerable for the policy innovation over the distinctive government offices. The authors likewise found that their viability positioning was generally high regarding OGD gateway transparency when receptiveness is estimated by the more prominent number of datasets proactively and efficiently distributed through their OGD entries. These discoveries have significant ramifications for the pretended OGD approach business visionaries in transparently sharing the administration claimed datasets with people in general (Chatfield & Reddick, 2018)

As indicated by Randhawa et al. (2017) the purpose of this paper is to inspect that how open innovation (OI) mediatorsease knowledge teamworkamong organizations and online operator groups. Illustrating on a Community of Practice (CoP) view on information, the study gives an outline of the information boundary organization mechanisms that mediators organize in allowing client organizations to involve in online group-based OI. The paper deals with an investigative case study of an OI mediator and 18 customergroups that involve with online operator communities on the intercessor’s framework. Outcomes include both the mediator and customersview, which is based on the examination of mediator and customers meetings. As per the finding it became known that the OI mediators organize three information boundary organization mechanisms which include semantic syntactic and pragmatic.

Each of these is reinforced by a set of policies. With these mechanisms the knowledge transfer is enabled, conversion and alteration respectively. It will lead to richer information association results at the company–community boundary. The results show that the practical mechanism strengthens both syntactic and semantic mechanisms, and is henceforth it is critical in attaining actual information association in community-based OI locations. The conclusions propose that OI mediators have to apply all the three boundary organization mechanisms to effectively allow information association for community-based OI. More precisely, mediators require expanding their emphasis beyond the growth of digital framework, to include nuanced efforts at constructing administrative promise to community appointment. Illustrating on the Cop opinion, this paper incorporates the information organization works into the OI works to theorize the role of OI mediators in forming the information association among companies and communities (Randhawa, Josser ,Schweitzer& Logue, 2017).

As indicated by Kankanhalli et al. (2017) there are various novel models in the market which are replacing the conventional corporate researches since there are novel thoughts, practices and technologies. This pattern is being powered by the prepared accessibility of investment, and all the more significantly, by the pervasive nearness of data advances (IT) that are empowering firms to distinguish and cultivate new thoughts from a bunch of information sources, which could be geologically scattered. This de-concentrated and un-coordinated type of advancement, alluded to as "open development", is picking up foot both in the private and open divisions. In this visitor publication for the Special Issue on Open Innovation in the Public Sector, the authors initially investigate the differing issues that are incited when actualizing open development in the open area, and the IT that can encourage such activities. Next, the authors feature the central contrasts regarding centre, point, worth, and outer partners of open development in the private versus open parts. Lastly the authors portray a motivation for investigation on the open development in the open division dependent on patterns and holes in the writing as observed from papers that were submitted to this extraordinary issue. In particular, the authors propose a few helpful ways for the future research including specific domain examinations, looking at the utilization of apparatuses, and growing the current arrangement of research strategies and hypothetical establishments (Kankanhalli, Zuiderwijk&Tayi, 2017).

Randhawa, et al. (2016) helps to search for gaps in the present researches and provide various recommendations with the help of systematic, objective and comprehensive literature review on the subject of open innovation. It provides recommendations on previously not used or underused administrative, organization, and advertisingphilosophies can be used to progress the field. This paper accepts a new method by joining two opposite bibliometric approaches of co‐citation examination and text mining of 321 literature articles on Open Innovation that allows a robust experiential examination of the intelligent streams and important ideas behind Open Innovation. The results show that the scholars do not adequately illustrate on theoretic views which are external to the field to inspect numerous aspects of Open Innovation. Research likewise appears to be kept to innovation‐specific literatures with its centre confined to a chosen few Open Innovation issues, in this manner applying restricted effect on the more extensive business network.

This examination uncovers three unmistakable regions inside Open Innovation study: (1) firm‐centric parts of Open Innovation, (2) the board of Open Innovation systems, and (3) job of clients and networks in Open Innovation. Researches have transcendently explored the firm‐centric parts of Open Innovation, with a specific spotlight on the job of information, innovation, and Research and Development from the improving company's viewpoint, while the other two regions remain moderately under‐researched. Additionally, gaps in the journals develops those current roads for future research, specifically to: (1) build up a progressively far reaching comprehension of Open Innovation by including different points of view (clients, systems, and networks), (2) guide expanded focus toward Open Innovation technique definition and execution, and (3) increase focus on client co‐creation and conceptualize "open assistance development." Marketing for instance service‐dominant rationale, hierarchical conduct for instance networks of training, and the board for instance dynamic capacities offer reasonable hypothetical focal points and additional ideas to address these gaps (Randhawa, Wilden&Hohberger, 2016).

As per Hosseini et al. (2017)in a universe of ever-changing professional workplaces and decreased item life cycles, most associations cannot manage the cost of any longer to improve all alone. Consequently, they open their advancement procedures to fuse information on outer sources and to expand their development potential. As the move towards open Innovation is troublesome and causes numerous activities to come up short, the inquiry emerges which abilities associations ought to create to effectively actualize open Innovation As the journals incorporates developed yet separated streams on open Innovation abilities, there is a requirement for a coordinated capacity structure. This paper expects to talk about these issues. This paper offers the open innovation capability framework (OICF) which compiles and formsabilities which are applicable for applying open innovation. The OICF includes the outside-in and attachedprocedures of open innovation. To incorporate multiple streams of the open innovationjournals, the OICF constructs on anorganized literature review.

The OICF was also authenticated in a two-step review procedure with open innovation specialists from university and industries. The OICF includes 23 ability regions which include strategic alignment, governance, people, methods, information technology, and culture. To examine the existing information on Open Innovationabilities, the authors compared the OICF with other Open Innovation linkedabilityoutlines. The authors also talked over the specialist’s response on separate issues of the OICF as well as on interdependency amongst these factors. The OICF deliver specialists with an organized summary of the abilities to consider in the implementation of Open Innovation. On the basis of OICF, specialists can describe the scope of their Open Innovation initiatives. They can utilise the OICF as a basis for selecting prioritizing, and functioning ability. The OICF is the first outline to take a complete view on Open Innovation abilities. It assimilates isolated research streams of Open Innovation. It assists specialists to describe the scope of Open Innovation initiatives and scholars gain visions into the present state of the art on Open Innovation capabilities (Hosseini, Kees, Manderscheid, , Röglinger&Rosemann, 2017).

Conclusion on Procurement Policy

It can be concluded through this report that the procurement policy for the Northern Territory Government of Australia gives rules for acquiring products and services. This literature review focuses on the open innovation policy for the procurement process. The six principles of procurement policy are of great importance. The procurement strategy gives government rules to buying merchandise in the Northern Territory Government. It additionally gives rules for the obtainment activities in the Northern Territory (NT) Government. This system incorporates the standards, lifecycle of acquirement, obtainment administration model which rules and leads Northern Territory Government acquisition activities. The procurement guidelines synopses the necessary exclusions, special cases and methodology decisions for all the Northern Territory Government (NTG) exercises and their staffs when undertaking obtainment exercises.The open innovation framework is a digital market for the opportunities of innovation. The conventional procurement policies had a disadvantage in start-ups and small business.

With the help of an open innovation resolution it permits numerous shareholders to cooperate in resolving a common goal with the help of attached funding. The open innovation authorizes governments to search and cooperate with companies, research centres, and discoverers beyond their administrations and their businesses, to tap novel skills. This assists to decrease research and development prices, brings advanced products to marketplace rapidly, and moves fast of opponents around the globe. One of the advantages of open innovation framework is the capability of the companies to keep up with the quick changes of the digital economy. With the help of digital market for problem solving, the talent can be distributed wherever it is required. If the resources are assigned in this manner then numerous people get involved in solving a single problem. It helps to know that the best and right people are working on solving the problem. So, this literature review helps to increase the knowledge about the open innovation.

References for Procurement Policy

Barraket, J. (2019). The role of intermediaries in social innovation: the case of social procurement in Australia. Journal of social entrepreneurship, 1-21.

Barrett, P. (2016). New development: Procurement and policy outcomes—a bridge too far?. Public Money & Management, 36(2), 145-148.

Chatfield, A. T., & Reddick, C. G. (2018). The role of policy entrepreneurs in open government data policy innovation diffusion: An analysis of Australian Federal and State Governments. Government Information Quarterly, 35(1), 123-134.

Cutcher, L., Ormiston, J., & Gardner, C. (2019). ‘Double-taxing’Indigenous business: exploring the effects of political discourse on the transfer of public procurement policy. Public Management Review, 1-25.

Denny-Smith, G., &Loosemore, M. (2017, September).Assessing the impact of Australia's indigenous procurement policy using strain theory.In Proceedings 33rd Annual ARCOM Conference (pp. 4-6).

Hoekman, B. (2018). Government procurement. Potential Benefits of an Australia-EU Free Trade Agreement, 123.

Hosseini, S., Kees, A., Manderscheid, J., Röglinger, M., &Rosemann, M. (2017). What does it take to implement open innovation? Towards an integrated capability framework. Business Process Management Journal,2(3).

Kankanhalli, A., Zuiderwijk, A., &Tayi, G. K. (2017). Open innovation in the public sector: A research agenda, 1(2).

Lee, S. M., Hwang, T., & Choi, D. (2012). Open innovation in the public sector of leading countries. Management decision, pp. 20-22.

Loosemore, M., & Reid, S. (2019). The social procurement practices of tier-one construction contractors in Australia. Construction management and economics, 37(4), 183-200.

Mergel, I., &Desouza, K. C. (2013). Implementing open innovation in the public sector: The case of Challenge. gov. Public administration review, 73(6), 882-890.

Randhawa, K., Josserand, E., Schweitzer, J., & Logue, D. (2017). Knowledge collaboration between organizations and online communities: the role of open innovation intermediaries. Journal of Knowledge Management, pp. 12-13.

Randhawa, K., Wilden, R., &Hohberger, J. (2016). A bibliometric review of open innovation: Setting a research agenda. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 33(6), 750-772.

Zhang, X., Li, Z., Huang, Y., & Tang, H. (2017).Performance analysis of reverse auction mechanisms based on Petri nets. Advances in Mechanical Engineering, 9(9), 1687814017724085.

Zoellner, D., & Lovell, J. (2017).Employing local staff: case studies of remote local government organisations,1(2).

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