Social Movements Assignment Sample

• Subject Name : Arts and Humanities

Table of Contents

Social Movements

Social Category

Research: Theories of Social Movement

Sociological Evaluation

References

Social Movements

Social movements are loosely organized groups, but sustained initiative to support social objectives, normally to achieve or prevent a shift to the structure or values of society. Although the size of social movements varies, they are basically collective (Akemu, Whiteman & Kennedy, 2016). This is because people who do not define their relationships in terms of rules and procedures but merely share a similar outlook on society come together more or less spontaneously (Akemu, Whiteman & Kennedy, 2016). Collective activity in groups, panics, and simple processes (milling etc.) is short-lived or episodic and is primarily motivated by impulse. If short-lived urges gave rise to long-term objectives, and sustainable partnership replaces situational groups of people, a social movement will result (Carty, 2018). A mob is not simply an everlasting audience, since an audience has no motivating and bureaucratic structures to sustain attendance during times of stagnation and anticipation. In addition, the collaboration and interaction of activities over a broad area, for example a country or continent can not involve crowding mechanisms (Carty, 2018).

A movement is a combination of spontaneity and organisation. In general, one or more organisations, but with the organizations they never coincide with the borders of the movement, give identity, leadership and teamwork to the movement (Lee, Ramus & Vaccaro, 2018). Both social movement meanings illustrate the fact that social movements are necessarily linked to social change (Lee, Ramus & Vaccaro, 2018). It does not include people's activities as participants of steady communities with formed, unchallenged frameworks, standards and values. Social movements' behaviour does not represent the presumption that perhaps the social structure will continue as it is (Lee, Ramus & Vaccaro, 2018). It instead reflects the belief that individuals can collectively produce or prevent change in society if they are committed to pursuing a goal.

#MeToo is a social movement. The goal of 'Me Too' is to empower women by means of empathy and unity, in a number of ways similar to several other social justice and empowered campaigns built on silence, by showing clearly how many women have experienced sexual abuse and harassment, and in particular on the labor market.

As a result of # MeToo campaign, some women report being unable to talk with loved ones, counselors and those with similar experiences, urging them to respond to past traumas. In the US, companies look for the best way to create a healthy atmosphere in the workplace after # MeToo. A Call To People, a social activists' organization that encourages safe, respectful ways to "be a man," is co-founded by Ted Bunch and says that the number of investigations increased.

Social Category

Here, we will talk about the #MeToo movement that the American activist Tarana Burke started in 2007, using the term 'Me Too' to increase the conscience of people affected by sexual abuse (Luft, 2019). Ten years later, the hashtag was viral as women were accused of bullying and misbehavior for powerful men. Now, # MeToo has transformed into a major movement, creating a number of language new or sequel hashtags (Luft, 2019). It has influenced and changed countries all over the world. Activism on women's rights and gender violence has not stopped in the middle of the coronavirus disease outbreak. In some cases, electronic pressure has increased in some cases (Luft, 2019).

In a political climate in which the communist government's regulation of the media, the mainstream press and independent militantism of the ruling Communist Party is tighter than in thirty years since the # MeToo movement began in China two years ago. The party-state of China has no sensitivity for collaborative efforts, so that the # MeToo movement in China could not manifest itself through mass street demonstrations. However, individual survivors have brought their cases to justice and have been extremely determined and resilient (McAdam, 2017).

With the Chinese social media platforms facing intense "slut shaming" and suppression of free speech of discussions in their case, Liu Jingyao University of Minnesota – who sued Chinese billionaire Liu Qiangdong for a suspected viol in a Minnesota Civil Court-has vowed never to conclude or conclude a Non-Disclosure Agreement (prosecutors have refused to charge him in the case, and maintain sex as consensual The Chinese government has made limited improvements in the way it is pressed, and the screenwriter Zhou Xiaoxuan — who is suing, at a court held in Beijing, the famous Zhu Jun State media anchor, who is denying sexual harassment and assault (Luft, 2019). The Supreme Court added sexual harassment in December 2018 to the "cause of action" list, facilitating the seeking redress of # metoo victims. China, however, still lacks reliable sexual assault legislation. Chinese women have gradually been marginalized in their homeland and have made their way abroad (McAdam, 2017). #me Too activists have been protesting, holding discussions and providing training for their counterparts within China, using the relatively safe and free area in Western countries (Martinez & Cooper, 2017). At the end of 2019 officials arrested the Chinese journalist and leading figure in the # MeToo movement Huang Xueqinfor unknown reasons. for three months. Huang said after publication, "This is Xueqin, and I'm back. I've been waiting. ... A second of silence doesn't confuse men. "However, Chinese feminists prevailed in the midst of the immense darkness (McCammon et al., 2017).

Research: Theories of Social Movement

Literature review is the approach used for the research. An overview of prior research on a subject is provided by a review, whereby the previously published topics are critically evaluated, classified, and compared. It helps the author to produce and contextualize relevant research and journals (Sutton, 2019). It helps to map the various approaches to a particular question and shows patterns. It forms the basis for further work by the author and explains the importance of the current analysis.Different journals and articles on the movement were reviewed and analysed for the purpose of writing the paper, the different sociological theories have been referenced to in order to critically evaluate different aspects of the #MeToo movement (Sutton, 2019).

A social movement necessitates long-term collective action. McCarthy and Zald argued in the theory of resource mobilization that the effectiveness of a social movement depends on the capacity to mobilize resources of different kinds. Social networking technologies enabled the deployment of this tool. This explains why, after more than 20 years, more people speak out (McCammon et al., 2017). The Theory for Systemic Strain suggests six mechanisms fostering progress of social movements – structural conduciveness, structural strain, solution growth and proliferation, precipitating mechanisms (McAdam, 2017). Tanushree Dutta 's revelation was a precipitating factor in Indian # MeToo movement.

Under theory functionalism school of thought, functionalists think that a effective society has a constant social framework or structure, whereby different institutions fulfill unique functions that help to preserve the whole, as do the different organs of the body, to maintain the health of a human being (McCammon et al., 2017). The MeToo movement will contribute to better economic involvement of women (working place). IMF Chief Christine Lagarde says IMF research shows that increasing the participation of women in the labor force to the men level can increase India's economy by 27 per cent. Many organizations have established internal women's remedying committees (Michelon, Rodrigue &Trevisan, 2020).

Organization, leadership, goals and ideologies are necessary. The # MeToo motion contains most of these characteristics. The theory of relative deprivation emphasizes the role of mental variables like resentment and fury in stimulating social movements (McCammon et al., 2017).

The profound unequal power, status and economic resources that have generated economic and social oppression reflect sexual harassment, sexual assault and inequality between men and women (Spicer, Kay & Ganz, 2019). Human behaviour can be changed and social burdens can be exerted, and the prevalence of these abuses can be reduced. But only by the reduction of the gender inequalities that come with colonialism is the source of the issue impossible in re-education of people (Michelon, Rodrigue & Trevisan, 2020).

Sociological Evaluation

This movement would motivate more women at work; enhance sexual parity in the workplace; reduce patriarchal mentalities in institutions, etc (Michelon, Rodrigue & Trevisan, 2020). The movement would also motivate more women in the workplace. Initially, the movement began in America. Those who took part in US # MeToo acted as the Indian movement reference group. Those who work in the informal sector — construction workers, farm workers, brick kiln workers, and so forth — are also harassed at work. One could be excluded from # MeToo due to the digital divide. It will rely upon a number of factors how this campaign that has used technology (social media) will lead to a structural change (change in the form and operation of social institutions) (Spicer, Kay & Ganz, 2019). A significant number of women are depicted in the digital world. Perhaps that is not the case for the physical world. This is to change after # MeToo movement for Social Change (Spicer, Kay & Ganz, 2019).

Now, when we talk about theories about marxism and feminism schools of thought, where marxists differ from feminists, how that can be done. It can't be determined individually or by a process that puts women against men that deeply influences the social relation that affects all aspects of life – including the relations of between men and women (Michelon, Rodrigue & Trevisan, 2020). The philosophy of constructivism also has a strong connection to feminism in this movement. Everybody in a society is free to express sexuality on a wholly consensual basis, free from any legal or economic compulsion (Michelon, Rodrigue & Trevisan, 2020).

The opportunity to express uncharted opinion is a big achievement of the campaign but there was no critique — from those from the same hand — that allowed the women's movement to grow (Spicer, Kay & Ganz, 2019). The participant movement in India # MeToo has been rebuked for being fascistic towards discord in their point of view by 'liberals' in the nation that lead the movement.It is noteworthy that just highly publicized movie actors and actresses and similar were taken seriously by major media in the area of sexual harassment at work. There's no major interest in the constant sexual misconduct of low-paid women in the services industries – probably because it's not attractive. When other inequality – race, ethnicity, caste, classes, etc. is present, women are at increased risk for sexual harassment and assault (Spicer, Kay & Ganz, 2019). There have also been concern about how mutual consent and harassment can be differentiated.Even through some shortcomings, # MeToo reflects the general dynamism of the women's movement. The new technology platform is social media which has been abused by the women's movement. Information technology and big data will be used in future by women to make their workplaces better. For the time being, the movement would continue to empower women in general (Spicer, Kay & Ganz, 2019).

References for Social Movements

Akemu, O., Whiteman, G., & Kennedy, S. (2016). Social enterprise emergence from social movement activism: The Fairphone case. Journal of Management Studies, 53(5), 846-877.

Carty, V. (2018). Social movements and new technology. Routledge.

Lee, M., Ramus, T., & Vaccaro, A. (2018). From protest to product: Strategic frame brokerage in a commercial social movement organization. Academy of Management Journal, 61(6), 2130-2158.

Luft, A. (2019). The Contribution of Social Movement Theory to Understanding Genocide: Evidence from Rwanda. Contention, 7(2), 1-30.

Martinez, D. E., & Cooper, D. J. (2017). Assembling international development: Accountability and the disarticulation of a social movement. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 63, 6-20.

McAdam, D. (2017). Social movement theory and the prospects for climate change activism in the United States. Annual Review of Political Science, 20, 189-208.

McCammon, H. J., Taylor, V., Reger, J., &Einwohner, R. L. (Eds.). (2017). The Oxford handbook of US women's social movement activism. Oxford University Press.

Michelon, G., Rodrigue, M., &Trevisan, E. (2020). The marketization of a social movement: Activists, shareholders and CSR disclosure. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 80, 101074.

Spicer, J., Kay, T., & Ganz, M. (2019). Social entrepreneurship as field encroachment: how a neoliberal social movement constructed a new field. Socio-Economic Review, 17(1), 195-227.

Sutton, P. W. (2019). Explaining environmentalism: in search of a new social movement. London: Routledge.

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